Actualmente, la humanidad pasa por una situación complicada. A inicios de 2020 se avizoraba un escenario sanitario que nadie se atrevía o no se contaban con los elementos para llamarle pandemia. Al cabo de unos meses, la situación se definió y por decisión de autoridades de salud global (OMS, 2020[1]), se declara un proceso llamado pandemia. Etimológicamente y para la Real Academia de la Lengua Española (RAE), la palabra significa «todo el pueblo» y concretamente se le vincula a una epidemia de una enfermedad infecciosa que se ha propagado en una extensa área geográfica. Por ejemplo, varios continentes o a todo el planeta, afectando a un número considerable de personas. Tal estado, hizo en gran medida que cada país se responsabilizara de diseñar e implementar estrategias particulares, una de ellas la reducción de movilidad y en general evitar el contacto humano grupal y con ello, la propagación de contagios entre sus habitantes. El objetivo fue evitar saturación de hospitales y el incremento de defunciones. A escala global, se pide distanciamiento social y la limpieza casi obsesiva de manos y sobre todo la reducción total o casi total de la movilidad personal (OMS, 2020a[2]).
La reducción de movilidad ha traído consecuencias tanto negativas como positivas tanto en aspectos sociales, económicos y desde luego ambientales (Vega Baez, L. A., 2006)[3]. Precisamente, al hacer referencia al ambiente, es evidente una relación caótica y con tendencias al desequilibrio.
Es evidente que en los últimos 100 años (Guerrero, D. S., y Ramírez, M. T. G., 2021)[4], los humanos hemos trasformado nuestros entornos de una manera agresiva y rápida, puede ser que esa velocidad de crecimiento sea la razón de problemas ambientales como el cambio climático, la perdida biodiversidad y la alta productividad de gases de efecto invernadero; entre otros, como la destrucción de ecosistemas y la contaminación. No hemos tenido el tiempo suficiente como especie de ser conscientes de los impactos negativos, mucho menos de las consecuencias socio-ambientales y económicas (UNESCO, 2010[5]).
Una situación difícil de comprobar en este sentido, es el posible origen del coronavirus tipo 2 promotor del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo (SARS-CoV-2), causante de la enfermedad por Coronavirus llamada COVID-19; hay especulaciones y supuestos, algunos de ellos apuntan a la creación de un virus de laboratorio, afirmación que se ha demostrado es poco probable (UNESCO, 2019a) [6] . Por otra parte, se comenta la posibilidad de que pudiera estar relacionada con el consumo de carne de animales silvestres, puntualmente murciélagos (Galindo-González, J., y Medellín, R. A., 2021)[7]. En ambas afirmaciones, se debe tener cuidado; pues, de manera científica se carece de pruebas y de elementos que lo confirmen o lo rechacen.
Algo evidente y relativamente sencillo de comprobar ha sido el deterioro en todos los ecosistemas (Cantú Martínez, P. C. (2002)[8]; ONU, 2020b[9]) y no es descabellado suponer en que algún «bicho» consumido por costumbres milenarias, pudieran ser un reservorio de virus, bacterias, hongos, protozooarios u otros parásito, mismos que con anterioridad estaban alejados del contacto humano por el hecho de permanecer fuera de centros urbanos. Muy probablemente, los organismos silvestres han evolucionado a lo largo del miles o millones de años para convivir con ellos sin enfermarles de muerte y nuestra búsqueda como humanos del consumo de productos raros, innovadores, fuera de lo común o extravagantes, nos ha llevado a tener contacto cercano con ellos (Saldaña, J. S., y Saldaña, V. L., 2011)[10].
Se ha mencionado un fenómeno importante, el consumo por parte de los humanos. En este sentido, el modo en el lo hacemos lamentablemente deja mucho en que pensar y en que desear; pues, la necesidad de comprar y tener cosas no vitales o esenciales, cada vez es más habitual, debemos de hacer una pausa y preguntarnos ¿Es realmente necesario comprarlo?, ¿Cuánto tiempo lo usaremos?, ¿Podemos comprar otro de mejor calidad para seguir usándolo después? y en caso de una descompostura, ¿tiene arreglo? Sin duda, es un ejercicio complicado y que llevará tiempo; pero, si no comenzamos a practicarlo, será mucho más complejo posteriormente.
En cuanto a los temas relacionados con la reducción de movilidad humana como medida para evitar la propagación de la Covid 19 y sus impactos en el ambiente, es común encontrar vistosos encabezados en diversos medios de comunicación por internet y de otros de comunicación impresa, títulos que dicen, “Los delfines han vuelto a Venecia”, “Avistamientos de jabalíes en Roma”, “Cisnes en Venecia”, “Elefantes en campos de té en la India y China”, “Patos y Gansos en Madrid”, “Pumas en Santiago de Chile”, “Zorros en Colombia” y así una cantidad considerable de reportes de avistamientos de fauna silvestre (Tarazona, A. M., y Ceballos, M. C., 2021)[11].
Esto solo lleva a plantear algunas preguntas: ¿será real la recuperación de espacios naturales en unos meses de cuarentena?, ¿unos meses fueron suficientes para compensar años y décadas, sino es que siglos de presión negativa a los ecosistemas?; seguramente las respuestas es no, sin ser tajantes y categóricos. Debemos de considerar algunos aspectos relacionados con el hecho de que en ocasiones se carecer de un referente cualitativo y cuantitativo anterior al avistamiento de fauna silvestre; es decir, es difícil saber si con antelación estaban presentes esos animales y simplemente por nuestra «acelerada velocidad de vida», no era posible observarles, Hemos estado tan ocupados en otras cosas que los perdimos de vista y tal vez, solo tal vez, la fauna siempre pudo haber estado ahí.
Otra aspecto importante, es el hecho de que posiblemente alguno de estos animales silvestres vistos en centros urbanos, solo pudieran andar buscando alimento o refugio y al notar la ausencia humana, les resultó menos riesgoso adentrarse a lugares en los que anteriormente estaba lleno de personas y no era posible verlos y sencillamente huían de ahí (Drews C., 2002[12]).
Por otra parte, una afirmación complicada de aceptar o rechazar, es con respecto a saber si hay o no un incremento en las poblaciones de animales referidos, la complicación radica en el hecho de carecer de un referente cuantitativo anterior a la pandemia; es decir, si antes no se tuvo un conteo poblacional o al menos un registro de observación, difícil es saber si en la actualidad hay menos o más.
En este sentido, el tiempo que se lleva de cuarentena es insuficiente para tener una recuperación de ecosistemas en lo general, si se considera a la vegetación como base de las redes tróficas (alimenticias) y que sin ella, difícilmente pudiera sostenerse un ecosistema en condiciones óptimas. Es poco el tiempo trascurrido para «cantar victoria», puede ser también solo una añoranza o un deseo humano de que así suceda, la humanidad debe actuar ya y hacerle honor al nombre de nuestra especie Homo sapiens (Hombre pensante).
Finalmente, un hecho negativo muy evidente es el esquema de producción que se ha tenido de forma dominante, se aleja de ser el más adecuado en sentido social, ambiental y frecuentemente económico; tiene aciertos, pero faltan elementos, debemos de trabajar a la brevedad en esquemas individuales y grupales de tal manera que tengan efectos y repercusiones globales y fomentar estrategias socialmente justas, ambientalmente apropiadas y económicamente viables; en otras palabras, tomar lo bueno de los distintos modelos de producción, desechar lo disfuncional y seguir avanzando como humanidad .
[1] OMS, (2020). Alocución de apertura del Director General de la OMS en la rueda de prensa sobre la COVID-19 celebrada el 11 de marzo de 2020. En: https://www.who.int/es/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19, 11 de marzo de 2020. Visto el 7 de diciembre del 2021 a las 11:42 am tiempo del centro de México.
[2] OMS, (2020a). Actualización de la Estrategia Frente a La Covid‑19. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/covid-strategy-update-14april2020_es.pdf?sfvrsn=86c0929d_10 (consultado el 6 de diciembre de 2021 a las 10:10 am hora del centro de México).
[3] Vega Baez, L. A. (2006). Beneficios socio-ambientales de estrategias de movilidad sostenible en el centro de las ciudades: aplicación al caso de Madrid (Doctoral dissertation, Caminos).
[4] Guerrero, D. S., y Ramírez, M. T. G. (2021). El modelo económico como causante de la destrucción del planeta y de las comunidades aborígenes a la luz de un documental de la Comisión de la verdad. Universidad Santo Tomás Seccional Tunja Directivos, 142.visto en: https://repository.usta.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11634/38727/MEMORIAS%20I%20CONGRESO%20INTERNACIONAL%20DE%20DEPARTAMENTOS%20ACADEMICOS.pdf?sequence=4#page=142, el 5 de mayo de 2022 a las 10:47 am (hora del centro de México)
[5] UNESCO (2010). Desarrollo Humano y Medio Ambiente Aspectos Innovadores en Medio Ambiente y Cooperación. (http://www.unescoetxea.org/dokumentuak/Getxo2010_nekane.pdf) Consultado el 13 de diciembre del 2021, 6:15 pm hora del centro de México.
[6] UNESCO, (2019a). Recursos audio para contrarrestar la desinformación. https://es.unesco.org/covid19/communicationinformationresponse/audioresources (visto el 7 de diciembre de 2021, 11:50 am hora del centro de México).
[7] Galindo-González, J., y Medellín, R. A. (2021). Los murciélagos y la COVID-19, una injusta historia. CIENCIA ergo-sum, Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria de Prospectiva, 28(2).
[8] Cantú Martínez, P. C. (2002). El deterioro ambiental y el futuro de la humanidad. Ingenierías, 5(14), 30-35. Visto en: http://eprints.uanl.mx/10078/1/14Pedro%20Cantu.pdf el 5 de mayo de 2021 a las 10:50 am hora del centro de México.
[9] OMS, (2020). Alocución de apertura del Director General de la OMS en la rueda de prensa sobre la COVID-19 celebrada el 11 de marzo de 2020. En: https://www.who.int/es/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19, 11 de marzo de 2020. Visto el 7 de diciembre del 2021 a las 11:42 am tiempo del centro de México.
[10] Saldaña, J. S., y Saldaña, V. L. (2011). La cacería de animales silvestres en la comunidad de bretaña, río puinahua, loreto–perú. Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal-RECIA, 3(2), 225-237.
[11] Tarazona, A. M., y Ceballos, M. C. (2021). Un mundo en pausa forzada: relaciones del humano con otros animales para un bienestar global. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía, 74, 13-16.
[12] Drews C. (2002). Mascotas silvestres en hogares ticos: percepciones, actitudes y conocimientos. Ambientico 103: 12-13. En: http://www.ambientico.una.ac.cr/drewsmasc.htm. Visto el 5 de diciembre, a las 10:47 am hora del centro de México.
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